Simple .NET/ASP.NET PDF document editor web control SDK

The interactive Python interpreter can be used as a powerful calculator. Try the following: >>> 2 + 2 This ought to give you the answer 4. That wasn t too hard. Well, what about this: >>> 53672 + 235253 288925 Still not impressed Admittedly, this is pretty standard stuff. (I ll assume that you ve used a calculator enough to know the difference between 1+2*3 and (1+2)*3.) All the usual arithmetic operators work as expected almost. There is one potential trap here, and that is integer division (in Python versions prior to 3.0, which may not come out for quite a while): >>> 1/2 0 What happened here One integer (a nonfractional number) was divided by another, and the result was rounded down to give an integer result. This behavior can be useful at times, but often (if not most of the time), you need ordinary division. What do you do to get that There are two possible solutions: You use real numbers (numbers with decimal points) rather than integers, or you can tell Python to change how division works. Real numbers are called floats (or floating-point numbers) in Python if either one of the numbers in a division is a float, the result will be, too: >>> 1.0 / 2.0 0.5 >>> 1/2.0 0.5

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You can also read an entire file into an array, split by lines, using readlines:

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puts File.open("text.txt").readlines.join("--")

Fred Bloggs,Manager,Male,45 --Laura Smith,Cook,Female,23 --Debbie Watts,Professor,Female,38

Together these Act I and Key Point slides create a compelling and interesting way to present the most important information your audience wants to know. The Explanation and Detail slides that follow, as shown in Figure 9-22, along with your backup printouts and spreadsheets, will go into the rigorous detail of quantitative-based reasoning that your client expects. A small oil well icon added to the Explanation and Detail custom layouts carries the visual theme through the presentation on these slides.

Last but not least, you can choose to read an arbitrary number of bytes from a file into a single variable using read:

>>> 1.0/2 0.5 >>> 1/2. 0.5 If you d rather have Python do proper division, you could add the following statement to the beginning of your program (writing full programs is described later) or simply execute it in the interactive interpreter: >>> from __future__ import division Another alternative, if you re running Python from the command line (e.g., on a Linux machine), is to supply the command-line switch -Qnew. In either case, division will suddenly make a bit more sense: >>> 1 / 2 0.5 Of course, the single slash can no longer be used for the kind of integer division shown earlier; but there is a separate operator that will do this for you the double slash: >>> 1 // 2 0 The double slash consistently performs integer division, even with floats: >>> 1.0 // 2.0 0.0 There is a more thorough explanation of the _ _future_ _ stuff in the section Back to the _ _future_ _, later in this chapter. Now you ve seen the basic arithmetic operators (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), but one more operator is quite useful at times: >>> 1 % 2 1 This is the remainder (modulus) operator x % y gives the remainder of x divided by y. For example: >>> 10 / 3 3 >>> 10 % 3 1 >>> 9 / 3 3 >>> 9 % 3 0 >>> 2.75 % 0.5 0.25

Note You can use all these methods on any file, such as binary files (images, executables, and so on), not

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just text files. However, on Windows, you might need to open the file in binary mode. This is covered in the section Writing to Files.

The File class makes some convenience methods available so that you don t need to do things like File.open(filename).read to be able to read a file into a string. Instead, you can do this:

Much more than capturing the data on the slides, you have captured the imagination of your audience so that they can literally see what your abstract recommendations will mean to them in no uncertain visual terms. And in the process, you turned a data-driven presentation into a cognitive-driven presentation, with a visually appealing result.

Using a function to change a data structure (such as a list or a dictionary) can be a good way of introducing abstraction into your program. Let s say you want to write a program that stores names and that allows you to look up people either by their first, middle, or last names. You might use a data structure like this:

data = File.read(filename)

This acts as a shorthand for opening the file, using the standard read method, and then closing the file again. You can also do this: